Weekly ToDo for Area Gardeners

A weekly todo reference for those who garden in Silicon Valley. (Click on plant name for specifics…). Weekly garden todo list

September sees the planting of fall crops. Yes, it is time for some of your beloved Brassica and leafy crops to take center stage as the daylight hours the garden grows by begin to dwindle. Decide which tomato plants to take out to make room for fall crops and which to keep in to produce late tomatoes for sharing.

Week 38

Plant In The Ground

Arugula
Baby Blue Eyes
Beets
California Poppies
Carrots
Chard
Clarkia
Fava Beans
Fennel
Garlic
Godetia
Lettuce
Mustard Greens
Nigella
Parsnips
Peas
Radishes
Salsify
Spinach
Sweet Peas
Turnips
Zucchini

Plant In Flats

Arugula
Beets
Calendulas
Chard
Collards
Columbine
Foxglove
Kale
Kohlrabi
Leeks
Lettuce
Mustard Greens
Onions
Peas
Poppies (Iceland and Oriental)
Rutabagas
Spinach

Transplant From Flats To Ground

Arugula
Beets
Bok Choi
Broccoli
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Celery
Calendulas
Carnations
Chard
Collards
Kale
Kohlrabi
Leeks
Lettuce
Mustard Greens
Onions
Pansies
Peas
Radicchio
Rutabagas
Spinach

Garden Tasks

Build/renew compost piles with materials cleared from summer beds.
As beneficial insect activities diminish, be watchful for pests in the fall garden.
Keep as many flowering plants as possible available for the bees.
Sow cover crops into beds as they are havested.

Information presented on our weekly todo pages is for Santa Clara County. A majority of Silicon Valley communities fall within USDA Hardiness Zone 9b, the exceptions (for Santa Clara county) being those who have a zip code of 94041, 94043, or 94089; the folks at these zip codes have been assigned a Hardiness Zone of 10a. Even so, remember that we live in the land of the microclimate: growers in Palo Alto have different concerns and face different challenges than those who grow in South San Jose.

As a result of life in our ideal Mediterranean climate, local growers enjoy the possibility of making use of multiple plantings in a single growing season for many of the veggies we know and love. Those wishing to take advantage of this need to pay close attention to the grow information of the varieties being put in; a second planting of a particular crop normally involves plants with a shorter growing period.

Info presented here has been distilled from a number of sources, the most notable being Seed Savers Exchange, Life Lab Garden Classroom, and Ecology Action of the Midpeninsula, and Master Gardeners of Santa Clara County.

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Tips broccoli raab:

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? two years to seed, insect pollinated, crosses easily with other brassicas.

Broccoli raab also goes by the name rapini, broccoletti di rape, broccoletto, cima di rapa, sparachetti, taitcat, broccoli rabe, broccoli babe, turnip broccoli, or Italian turnip.

Broccoli raab is a bitter-tasting vegetable similar in appearance to Chinese kale, but is non-heading with thinner stems and smaller flowers than broccoli.

Broccoli raab has a unique taste. Leaves taste a bit like turnip greens, while the flavor of the flower shoots resemble that of mustard greens.

Sow broccoli raab during cool weather, either the autumn or the beginning of spring. Leaves are ready for harvest 50 to 120 days later.

Do not wait until first pickings are as large as standard broccoli heads; if you do, the much smaller buds will bolt and go to flower and then seed.

Broccoli raab seedlings transplant well and can be moved easily if desired.

Chinese broccoli is very similar to broccoli raab, but it has a much thicker stem. The two veggies can often be used interchangeably.

The general rule for growing broccoli raab: plant early and harvest regularly.

Store broccoli raab in a loosely closed plastic bag placed in the crisper of the fridge.

Fresh broccoli raab should last up to a week when properly stored.

One will find broccoli raab used in Italian, Portuguese and Chinese cuisine.

As an ingredient in Italian dishes, broccoli raab is used in everything from pasta to soup, and is often paired with Italian sausage.

Broccoli raab can be cooked and served as a side dish, most commonly alongside pork.

Broccoli rabe comes loaded with vitamins A, C, and K. It also manages to pack in minerals like calcium, folate, and iron.

The leaves, buds, flowers and stem of broccoli raab are all edible.

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Common name: Tomatillo
Botanical name: Physalis philadelphica
Plant family: Solanaceae
Life cycle: Annual
Seed life expectancy (years): 6
Seed saving level: Intermediate
Pollination method: Insect
Seed count per ounce: Depending on type, 7250 to 11000

Tips tomatillo:

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? one year to seed, insect pollinated, crosses easily with other tomatillo plants.

Like its distant relatives the tomato and cape gooseberry, tomatillos originated in Mesoamerica.

Miltomatl is the original Nahuatl (Aztec) word for tomatillo; the name is still used in Oaxaca, Mexico.

Tomatillos also go by the designations "tomate verde", "husk tomatoes", or "jamberries".

Once established, tomatillos are more tolerant to stress from drought, heat, cold, and low nutrients than tomatoes.

Fruits are true berries with many tiny seeds, and are typically green, yellow, or purple in color when mature.

Tomatillos are covered in a husky, papery shell which may be light green to brown in color.

One cup of tomatillo contains 15.4 mg of vitamin C (about 17% of recommended daily intake for men and 21% for women).

One cup of tomatillo contains 2.6 g of fiber (about 7% of recommended daily intake for men and 10% for women).

Tomatillos have a tart, fruity, slightly herbal flavor.

The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink notes that the word “tomatillo” has only been in print in English since around 1910.

Mexican cuisine authority Diana Kennedy says that tomatillos are “an indispensable ingredient in Mexican food.”

Tomatillos can be eaten raw, but more commonly they are roasted or simmered in water to bring out their natural sweetness.

Tomatillos are classically paired with green chiles in Mexican cuisine, serving as a sweet-tart counterbalance to the heat of the peppers.

The most famous tomatillo culinary use is Mexican salsa verde, which usually contains tomatillos, green chiles and onion (sometimes garlic and cilantro, too), and is commonly served with meat and shellfish dishes (especially pork, chicken and shrimp), or as a sauce for enchiladas, tacos and other Mexican fare.

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Common name: Luffa
Botanical name: Luffa aegyptiaca
Plant family: Cucurbitaceae
Life cycle: Annual
Seed life expectancy (years): 4 to 6
Seed saving level: Intermediate
Pollination method: Insect
Seed count per ounce: 300

Tips luffa:

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? one year to seed, insect pollinated, crosses easily with other cucurbits.

Originally from tropical Africa and Asia, luffas are now grown throughout Asia and the United States for food and scrubbers.

Luffas also go by the designations "vegetable sponge", "sponge gourd", or "rag gourd".

Three types of luffas are made mention of, these being "Smooth luffa", "Angled luffa", "Taiwan luffa".

Luffas are vigorous climbing vines (upwards of 40 feet in length) which grow like a winter squash or hard-shelled gourd.

Luffas like to grow in full sun and a well-drained (but moist) soil.

Luffas require a long growing season to ripen fully (150 to 200 warm days).

The most common use of a luffa is as a bath sponge or kitchen scrubber.

Prior to WWII, most luffas produced in the U.S. were used as filters within ship boilers.

Research has been done looking into the possibility of using luffas to clean up oil spills.

Luffas have a good many medicinal uses.

The juice of the luffa has been used to cure jaundice.

Luffa root and vine extracts are used to treat atrophic rhinitis, tooth decay, and parasitic affections.

Luffa has been used to treat haemorrhage from bladder or bowels, hemorrhoids, smallpox, toothache, and scarlet fever.

Luffa fruit is believed to provide cooling and warming to the stomach and be beneficial to the intestines.

After steeping, the dried fruit is used to induce vomiting. So to are the seeds.

In Paraguay, panels made from luffa, additional vegetable matter and recycled plastics, are used to create furniture and construct homes.

In the Philippines the leaves of the luffa plant are used to treat skin diseases.

In Java the juice of the luffa leaf is used to treat amenorrhea (a lack of menstral periods).

In India the juice of the luffa leaf is used to treat snake bites and dysentery.

In Western Uganda the leaf extract from a luffa is used to induce labour during childbirths.

Luffas have a number of culinary uses.

The flowers, buds, and soft young fruits of a luffa can be cooked and eaten like okra or squash.

The taste of young luffa fruit is similar to that of zucchini.

Luffa fruit can be sauteed in a little olive oil or sliced and added to a stir-fry.

The skin of young luffas can be used to make chutney.

Luffa flowers can be used in salads.

Luffa is especially popular as an ingredient in stir-fry dishes, soups, chutnies, and curries.

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Common name: Chili Pepper
Botanical name: Capsicum spp
Plant family: Solanaceae
Life cycle: Perennial treated as Annual
Seed life expectancy (years): 4
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

25 13 8 8 9

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips peppers (hot):

Peppers can be grown in grow bags; we recommend the 5-gallon size.

Peppers are sensitive to cold and harsh sun.

To avoid being in too much heat, peppers appreciate being planted in dense blocks.

Old time garden wisdom says to transplant peppers when bearded irises bloom.

Peppers are edible when they are green, but most do not develop full flavor and mineral content until they turn from green to orange, yellow, or red.

To save seed, collect seed when peppers are full color and beginning to shrivel.

To save seed, brush off seeds from the inside stem and let dry completely.

There are many different chili pepper plant varieties, each of which differs in size, shape and spiciness.

The heat of a pepper is measured in terms of the Scoville Heat Unit (SHU).

The three hottest peppers are Carolina Reaper (2,200,000 SHU), Tinidad Moruga Scorpion (2,009,231 SHU), and 7 Pot Douglah (1,853,936 SHU).

When growing for seed, consider growing one hot type and one sweet type to avoid cross-pollination.

Eat peppers raw, baked, stuffed, or sauteed.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
			25	13	8	8	9

Common name: Pepper
Botanical name: Capcisum spp
Plant family: Solanaceae
Life cycle: Perennial treated as Annual
Seed life expectancy (years): 4
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

25 13 8 8 9

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips peppers:

Peppers can be grown in grow bags; we recommend the 5-gallon size.

Peppers are sensitive to cold and harsh sun.

To avoid being in too much heat, peppers appreciate being planted in dense blocks.

Old time garden wisdom says to transplant peppers when bearded irises bloom.

Peppers are edible when they are green, but most do not develop full flavor and mineral content until they turn from green to orange, yellow, or red.

To save seed, collect seed when peppers are full color and beginning to shrivel.

To save seed, brush off seeds from the inside stem and let dry completely.

When growing for seed, consider growing one hot type and one sweet type to avoid cross-pollination.

Eat peppers raw, baked, stuffed, or sauteed.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
			25	13	8	8	9

Common name: Eggplant
Botanical name: Soanum melongena
Plant family: Solanaceae
Life cycle: Perennial treated as Annual
Seed life expectancy (years): 6
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

13 8 5

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips eggplant:

Eggplant can be grown in grow bags; we recommend the 5-gallon size.

Eggplant may develop a bitter flavor when grown in stressful conditions.

Old time garden wisdom says to transplant eggplant when bearded irises bloom.

Pick eggplant while the skins are glossy and before seeds form inside.

When harvesting, cut the stem rather than pulling from the plant.

Soak eggplant in water for 15 minutes or salt and let sit before cooking, to reduce bitterness.

Eat eggplant baked, pureed, stuffed, or roasted.

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Common name: Celery
Botanical name: Apium graveolens
Plant family: Apiaceae
Life cycle: Biennial
Seed life expectancy (years): 6
Seed saving level: Intermediate
Pollination method: Insect
Seed count per ounce: 58000 - 72500
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

41 16 12 7

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips celery:

Celery does well when grown in grow bags; we recommend the 3-gallon size.

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? two years to seed, vernalization required, easy access to seed bulb

Flower from which to harvest seed will form on the central stalk, so don't cut that stalk if you plan to grow for seed.

When seeds are ready to harvest they will fall off the flower at the slightest touch or breeze.

Celery requires a lot of nutrients and water.

Stalks can be harvested for eating when they reach a foot or more in length.

Inner stalks tend to be more tender and taste best used uncooked.

Eat celery either raw or cooked.

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Common name: Cauliflower
Botanical name: Brassica oleracea
Plant family: Brassicaceae
Life cycle: Biennial
Seed life expectancy (years): 6
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

119 9 6 5 5

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips cauliflower:

One of the seven groups within Brassica oleracea, Botrytis, encompasses cauliflower.

Tie outer leaves around head to protect cauliflower from the sun.

Cauliflowers are cool season crops that are ready to harvest when flowerets are tightly formed and dense.

To harvest, cut the head off the main stem.

Eat cauliflower raw, cooked, boiled, or pureed.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
		119	9	6	5	5

Common name: Cabbage
Botanical name: Brassica oleracea
Plant family: Brassicaceae
Life cycle: Biennial
Seed life expectancy (years): 6
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

51 17 10 7 6 6 9

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips cabbage:

Cabbage can be grown in grow bags; we recommend the 5-gallon size.

One of the seven groups within Brassica oleracea, Capitata, encompasses cabbage.

Plant in mid-summer for a fall harvest, and in the fall for an early spring harvest.

Harvest cabbage heads when they have formed tight, firm heads.

Eat cabbage raw, boiled, steamed, or pickled as sauerkraut.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
	51	17	10	7	6	6	9

Common name: Asparagus
Botanical name: Asparagus officinalis
Plant family: Asparagaceae
Life cycle: Perennial
Seed life expectancy (years): 2 to 5
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

52 24 14 10 11 19 28

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips asparagus:

Asparagus is a perennial that can bear for 15 years or more, so choose the sunny area you put it in carefully.

Asparagus plants are dioecious: each plant has only male or only female flowers.

Mature asparagus plants can withstand cold temperatures that drop to near freezing.

A typical harvest will last 4 to 8 weeks.

Optimal size of harvestable spears is 6 to 8 inches long and 3/8 inch in diameter.

To harvest, bend the spear until it breaks.

Eat asparagus raw, steamed, boiled, roasted, or pickled in vinegar.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
		52	24	14	10	11	19	28

Common name: Okra
Botanical name: Abelmoschus esculentus
Plant family: Malvaceae
Life cycle: Perennial treated as Annual
Seed life expectancy (years): 1 to 3
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

27 17 12 7 6 7

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips okra:

Okra can be grown in grow bags; we recommend the 5-gallon size.

Many who hail from the deep south have come to consider okra a food group all its own.

People unfamiliar with okra often find its slimy texture to be an aquired taste.

Because okra is a self-pollinator, it is an ideal crop for beginning seed savers.

Okra pods are considered most flavorful and tender when harvested at about 2 inches in length.

Keep picking okra pods or the plant will stop producing.

Okra plants appreciate having fish emulsion or seaweed applied to their growing area every 4 or 5 weeks.

Avoid sowing okra where heavy feeders (tomatoes, potatoes, eggplants, or peppers) have recently been grown.

In the kitchen, okra is often boiled, slow cooked with tomatoes and spices, or breaded battered and fried.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
			27	17	12	7	6	7

Common name: Parsley
Botanical name: Petroselinum crispum
Plant family: Apiaceae
Life cycle: Biennial
Seed life expectancy (years): 2
Seed saving level: Intermediate
Pollination method: Insect
Seed count per ounce: 14500 - 17500
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

29 17 14 13 12

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips parsley:

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? two years to seed, insect pollinated, seed requires two weeks drying after harvest

Parsley has a long germination and growing period.

Soak parsley seeds overnight before planting.

Harvest parsley as soon as plants are growing vigorously.

Harvest by snipping outer stems from plants; they will continue to produce new growth.

Parsley dries and freezes well.

Parsley is often used as a garnesh.

Eat parsley dried or fresh.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
		29	17	14	13	12

Common name: Zucchini
Botanical name: Cucurbita pepo
Plant family: Cucurbitaceae
Life cycle: Annual
Seed life expectancy (years): 4 to 6
Seed saving level: Intermediate
Pollination method: Insect
Seed count per ounce: 60 to 300

Tips zucchini:

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? one year to seed, squash cross easily (so larger isolation distance and hand pollination required)

When harvesting seed from a squash, leave it on the vine until over-ripe so that seeds are fully developed and mature.

The Cucurbita pepo squashes are one of the first species of plant domesticated by humans.

Pick standard zucchini no longer than 6 to 7 inches and round zucchini at 3 to 4 inches.

Seeds from 10000 year old zucchini have been found in Oaxaca Mexico.

Zucchinis appreciate being planted within a cluster of two or three plants.

Zucchini does not tolerate cold temperatures. Be sure not to plant too early. Wait until temperatures keep above 60^o F.

Zucchini is high in potassium, which the American Heart Association says helps control blood pressure by lessening the harmful effects of salt.

Zucchini can be planted two to three times in a succession planting made throughout the growing season.

When chopping a zucchini, be sure to discard the ends.

Pick elongated (standard) zucchini by the time they reach 6 to 7 inches in length, and round zucchini at around 3 to 4 inches.

Like other summer squash, zucchini can be kept 3 to 5 days at room temperature or refrigerated for up to a seek.

Zucchini can be frozen for long term storage. It is recommended that one blanch it prior to freezing, to avoid it becomming mushy.

Discard any zucchini with a bad smell or that's showing signs of mold, shriveling, wrinkling, soft spots, a mushy interior or oozing a thick white liquid.

Do not wash squash until you plan to cook it, as the washing of squash shortens its storage life dramatically.

Eat zucchini steamed, boiled, baked, sautéed, or grilled. It is also a great substitution for pasta.

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Common name: Onion (common onion)
Botanical name: Allium cepa
Plant family: Amaryllidacaea
Life cycle: Biennial
Seed life expectancy (years): 2
Seed saving level: Hard
Pollination method: Insect
Seed count per ounce: 7250 - 11500
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

136 50 13 7 5 4 4 13

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips onion:

Green onions do well when grown in grow bags; we recommend the 2-gallon size.

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? two years to seed, vernalization required, easy access to seed bulb

There are three general types of onion: long-day, short-day, and day-neutral (intermediate-day).

Residents of Santa Clara County should choose from among the short and intermediate day varieties.

Old time garden wisdom says to plant onions when red maples bloom.

Good short day varieties to try in zone 9b include Red Torpedo, Granex, Texas SuperSweet, and Burgundy.

Be sure to consider shelf life when choosing the variety or varieties you'll grow.

Sulfuric compounds are what bring tears to the eyes. Chilling an onion and cutting the root end last reduces the problem.

Harvest onions when tops fall over and tips of leaves start to turn brown.

Pull onions, shake off any soil, but do not wash them or pull off outside wrapper leaves.

Store onions in a dry location to cure for about a week.

Use raw, sauteed or baked in just about any dish. Blanch to lock in flavor.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
136	50	13	7	5	4	4	13

Common name: Spinach
Botanical name: Spinacia oleracea
Plant family: Amaranthaceae
Life cycle: Annual
Seed life expectancy (years): 6
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

63 23 12 7 6 5 6

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips spinach:

Spinach does not like being transplanted, it prefers being sown directly in the ground.

Plant every two weeks for continual harvest.

Old time garden wisdom says to plant spinach when lilacs are in first leaf or dandelions are in full bloom.

Harvest larger outer leaves early in the morning when crisp, or cut whole plant at base.

Keep plants cool, as they will bolt and go to seed in hot weather.

Wash harvested spinach well before eating.

Eat spinach raw, pureed, stir-fried, steamed, boiled, or in baked dishes.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
63	23	12	7	6	5	6

Common name: Pea
Botanical name: Pisum sativum
Plant family: Fabaceae
Life cycle: Annual
Seed life expectancy (years): 4
Seed saving level: Very Easy
Pollination method: Self
Seed count per ounce: 125 - 150
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

46 14 9 8 6 6

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips peas:

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? one year to seed, self pollinator (so small isocation distance / no crossing), very easy access dry seeds

There are two broad categories of pea that are distinguished by the form taken by the produce:

Field peas are fully mature dry peas.

Garden peas are immature soft green peas.

Garden peas are separated out further into three types:

Snap peas which grow within a rounded, low-fiber pod. These peas are eaten in the pods.

Snow peas which grow within a flat, tender, low-fiber pod. These peas are eaten in the pods.

Shelling peas which grow within a high fiber pod. These peas are removed from the pod before being eaten.

Peas do not like being transplanted, they prefer being sown directly in the ground.

Old time garden wisdom says to plant peas when forsythias bloom.

Harvest peas daily to encourage plants to keep producing.

For snap peas, pick when the pods begin to grow rounded, plump and juicy, but before they get tough.

For snow peas, pick when the pods have grown to 2 to 3 inches but are still flat.

For shelling peas, pick when pods are rounded and peas have filled in pod, but before getting tough; remember, pods are not eaten.

To save seed, wait until the plant dies back before collecting seed.

Peas are excellent for beginning seed savers, as they do not cross pollinate.

Eat peas raw, boiled, steamed, or stir-fried.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
	46	14	9	8	6	6

Common name: Parsnip
Botanical name: Pastinaca sativa
Plant family: Apiaceae
Life cycle: Biennial
Seed life expectancy (years): 2
Seed saving level: Intermediate
Pollination method: Insect
Seed count per ounce: 4000 - 5750
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

172 57 27 20 14 15 32

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips parsnip:

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? two years to seed, vernalization required, easy access to seed bulb

The sap in parsnip leaves and stems contains a chemical that can cause a rash if it gets on human skin.

Like carrots, parsnip roots are said to have a sweeter flavor after a frost.

Because they are easy to store, parsnips have been a traditional source of winter sustinance.

Parsnips have been used to sweeten cakes and other pastries, in lieu of cane sugar.

Parsnips require vernalization in order to flower and produce seed.

Eat parsnips in soups, roasts, mashes, or casseroles. A rule of thumb: if you can do it with a potato, you can do it with a parsnip.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
172	57	27	20	14	15	32

Common name: Lettuce
Botanical name: Lactuca sativa
Plant family: Asteraceae
Life cycle: Annual
Seed life expectancy (years): 6
Seed saving level: Very Easy
Pollination method: Self
Seed count per ounce: 17400 - 34800
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

49 15 7 4 3 2 3

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips lettuce:

Lettuce does well when grown in grow bags; we recommend the 2-gallon size, and the self-watering feature.

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? one year to seed, self pollinator (so small isocation distance / no crossing), very easy access dry seeds

There are two categories of lettuce that are distinguished based on the structure of their leaves:

Head lettuce varieties grow leaves around a central core, producing rounded "heads".

Leaf lettuce varieties grow leaves that are not tightly bound, but are loose and easy to pick individually.

All lettuces prefer to grow in cool conditions and tend to do well in shady areas.

Old time garden wisdom says to plant lettuce when lilacs are in first leaf or dandelions are in full bloom.

In hot weather, lettuce plants can bolt (go to seed) prematurely.

Harvest outer leaves of leaf lettuce early to encourage new growth.

Head lettuce is ready to harvest once heads are firm and tight.

To save seed, let seed pods dry on the plant, and bag the plant to catch falling seed.

Do not save seed from plants that bolt too soon, as that's seldom considered a desirable trait to promote.

Eat lettuce raw in salads or as an addition in sandwiches.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
49	15	7	4	3	2	3

Designation: Flower
Usage: Ornamental

Tips flowers:

"A rose by any other name...". Recognition of the beauty of a flower spans time, space, and cultural boundaries. Indeed, the giving and receiving of flowers is a time honored tradition. Whether at a wedding, a funeral service, a birthday and other special occasion, placed as a centerpiece on a dinner table, used to brighten a hospital room, or as a corsage or bootanier, flowers serve to bring a special splash of color to life's milestones, celebrations, and rememberances.

Tips flowers:

Flowers are new on the scene. If the Earth's history were compressed into a single hour, flowering plants would exist for only the last 90 seconds.

Virtually every nonmeat food consumed by humans starts as a flowering plant. In addition, the meats, milk, and eggs we eat come from livestock fattened on wheat and corn, flowering plants. Even the cotton we wear is an angiosperm.

The captivating colors, alluring fragrances, and wonderful petals of flowers have all been designed with pollinators in mind.

In Holland in the 1630s, a wild tulip craze caused the price of tulip bulbs to run higher than gold.

For the lotus blossom, tradition says lotus flowers bloomed wherever Buddha walked, and in Egypt the flower is a symbol of resurrection.

The English name "dandelion" is derived from the French dent de lion, meaning "lions tooth".

Rose hips (the berry-like fruit structure of a rose) are used to make jams, jellies, and teas.

The Roman Catholic Church has dedicated the Madonna lily to Mother Mary; it is one of the oldest lilies, dating back 3000 years.

Daffodil, the national flower of Wales, also goes by the name Narcissus.

Dahlia, the national flower of Mexico, is related to both the daisy and the sunflower.

Carnation, the national flower of Spain, has the scientific name Dianthus caryophyllus, meaning "flower of the gods".

For sunflower, see the specific tips for sunflowers.

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Common name: Watermelon
Botanical name: Citrullus lanatus
Plant family: Cucurbitaceae
Life cycle: Annual
Seed life expectancy (years): 5
Seed saving level: Easy
Pollination method: Insect
Seed count per ounce: 175 to 575
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

12 5 4 3

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips watermelon:

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? annual, insect pollinated (so care required during pollination), extract seeds from fruit

Watermelon is an ideal crop for beginning seed savers.

Sweet watermelon was initially given the botanical name Cucurbita citrullus, but a century later was reassigned to the genus Citrullus.

Watermelon is grown commercially in 44 states, with warm states (Georgia, Florida, Texas, California and Arizona) being the largest producers.

In Ancient Egypt it was common practice to keep watermelons in the burial tombs of the Pharaohs to keep nourishing their soul in the afterlife.

Watermelons typically weigh in at between 2 and 25 pounds.

The flesh of a watermelon can be red, pink, orange, yellow or white.

Seedless watermelons are F1 hybrids whose parents have differnt chromosome counts, resulting in offspring which are sterile.

Watermelons are monoecious (meaning they have separate male and female flowers on the same plant).

Watermelon does best in hot weather, with day temps above 80 ^oF and night temps above 62 ^oF. Many varieties grow in desert conditions.

Watermelon should develop a dull green cast and have a light patch at the bottom that changes from green to light yellow when mature.

Watermelon is high in Lycopene, an antioxidant that helps keep various diseases at bay, including heart disease, atherosclerosis, cancer, cataracts, and asthma.

Watermelon has characteristics of both a fruit (sweet in taste, grown from seed) and a vegetable (closely aligned with cucumber, pumpkin, and squash).

Watermelon helps to flush out kidney stones and will prevent such stones from forming.

When ripe, the leaf on the tendril nearest a watermelon fruit turns brown and withers.

When ripe, the skin of a watermelon should be hard and difficult to pierce with a fingernail.

To save seed, remove fibers/membrane by rinsing thoroughly. Placed in a glass of water, good (viable) seeds will sink to the bottom.

Eat watermelon simply sliced. A delicious treat when eaten on a hot summer day fresh off the vine.

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Common name: Tomato
Botanical name: Solanum lycopersicum
Plant family: Solanaceae
Life cycle: Perennial treated as Annual
Seed life expectancy (years): 6
Seed saving level: Easy
Pollination method: Self
Seed count per ounce: Depending on type, 7250 to 11000
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

43 14 8 6 6 9

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips tomato:

Tomatoes can be grown in grow bags; we recommend the 10-gallon size (or larger), and the self-watering feature.

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? one year to seed, self pollinator (so small isocation distance / no crossing), extract seeds from fruit, process wet seeds

Tomato plants have two distinct growth habit classifications:

Determinate plants grow to a certain size, flower, set fruit, and are done. Plants in this category are sometimes referred to as "bush" tomatoes. Fruit on these plants ripen over a fairly short time window. Determinate plants don't need as much space, so don't require a supporting structure (although cages are still very much appreciated), and are the better choice for gardeners interested in gardening in containers. There is not need to prune these plants, as one wants all the fruit they can get from the fixed-height plants.

Indeterminate plants grow and set fruit continuously, which means much larger plants with a lot more leaves. Plants in this category are sometimes referred to as "vine" tomatoes. A general rule of thumb has it that the bigger the plant the better the tomatoes produced. Indeterminate plants are known to have increased yields when pruned when young. Though more work, indeterminate plants tend to produce tastier tomatoes, and more of them.

There are a number of general tomato classifications used to distinguish fruit by size and intended use. Some folks come across include:

Currant tomatoes are extremely tiny, only about 1/4 inch in diameter, and are intensely sweet. Generally speaking the smaller the fruit the sweeter the taste, which is why currants, cherries, and grape varieties have come to be known as "snacking" tomatoes. Popular varieties include Jungle Salad, Gold Rush, Sweet Pea, Lemon Drop, and Sugar Plum.

Cherry tomatoes are small and round, between the size of a marble and a golf ball. Generally speaking the smaller the fruit the sweeter the taste, which is why these have come to be known as snacking tomatoes. Great for use on skewers. Popular varieties include Honeybunch, Sun Gold, Italian Ice, Black Pearl, Blondkopfchen, and Supersweet 100.

Grape tomatoes are small and elongated (grape shaped). They tend to be crunchy, with thick skins and a nice meaty interior. The flavor of these little guys ranges from sweet to tangy. Many are grown from hybrid seed, which removes the possibility of saving seed. Popular varieties include Santa, Lucky Tiger, Moby Grape, Jelly Bean, Napa Grape, and Juliet.

Salad (or saladette) tomatoes are small (about 2 inches, 2 to 4 ounces) tomatoes that are typically used cut in half and tossed in a salad. Popular varieties include Indigo Rose, Yellow Perfection, and Green Zebra.

Paste tomatoes (aka process tomatoes) are medium sized tomatoes that are oval or cylindrical in shape. These have been bred for making sauces or for packing/storing in other ways. Popular varieties include San Marzano, Saucy, Italian Gold, and Amish Paste.

Roma (aka plum) tomatoes have a distinctive oblong shape. These are the quintesential Italian tomato that come packed with sweetness, acidity, chewy flesh, and low water content. These too are perfect for use in sauces. Popular varieties include Roma, San Marzano, Mama Leone, Opalka, and Jersey Devil.
Standard bush tomatoes are medium sized (about 3 inches in diameter) and round. These are tomatoes normally found at the grocery store, although the store is more interested in shelf life than exceptional taste. Popular varieties include Early Girl, Fourth of July, Celebrities, Paul Robeson, and Moneymaker.

Beefsteak tomatoes (aka slicers) are large (typically with a 6 inch diameter, weighing in at a pound or more) and are usually pink or red in color. The oxheart varieties fall into this category. Perfect for slicing onto a burger or blt, these are classic in both taste and use. Popular varieties include Brandywine, Pink Berkeley Tie Dye, Morgage Lifter, Carbon, and Cherokee Purple.

Tomatoes will not pollinate at temperatures above 75^o Farenheit.

Tomatoes prefer warm weather, although nighttime temperatures above 90^o Farenheit can prevent fruiting.

Old time garden wisdom says to plant tomatoes when lilies-of-the-valley are in full bloom.

Harvest tomatoes when fruits are full color and firm to the touch.

A great crop to comparative taste, especially to understand the difference in taste between garden grown and store bought tomatoes.

Tomato juice is the official state beverage of Ohio, in honor of A. W. Livingston who popularized the tomato in the late 1800s.

Tomato plant leaves are not edible.

To save seed, collect seeds when fruit is full color and firm, but still tender to the touch.

To save seed, remove the protective gel covering the seed before letting dry.

When growing for seed, keep good spacing between plants to avoid crossing. (Most popular heirloom varieties will not cross).

Eat tomatoes raw, stuffed, stewed, boiled, baked, or pureed. Sauces and salsas often begin with good tomatoes.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
		43	14	8	6	6	9

Common name: Turnip
Botanical name: Brassica rapa
Plant family: Cruciferae
Life cycle: Biennial
Seed life expectancy (years): 6
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

5 3 2 1 1 1 3

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips turnip:

Turnips are grown for their greens and/or their roots.

Turnips are best tasting when harvested young.

Turnips like cool weather and can be grown in partial shade.

Turnips have large root systems which require deep, loose soil for best growing results.

Succession planting can be done every 8 to 10 days to enjoy a continual harvest.

In our climate, spring turnips can be direct sown in mid February for harvesting in early May.

In our climate, fall turnips can be direct sown in early September for harvesting in mid October.

Prevent diseases to foliage, avoid wetting the tops of plants during watering.

Harvest leaves when the plants are young, being careful not to over pick lest the root suffer.

Harvest roots when tops show to be 1 to 3 inches in diameter (depending on variety).

Store harvested roots in the refrigerator.

Eat turnip roots raw, cooked, or pickled.

Eat turnip leaves in salads, or cooked along side the roots.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
		5	3	2	1	1	1	3

Common name: Squash
Botanical name: Curcurbita spp
Plant family: Cucurbitaceae
Life cycle: Annual
Seed life expectancy (years): 4 to 6
Seed saving level: Intermediate
Pollination method: Hand
Seed count per ounce: 200 - 450
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

6 4 3

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips winter squash:

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? one year to seed, squash cross easily (so larger isolation distance and hand pollination required)

When harvesting seed from a squash, leave it on the vine until over-ripe so that seeds are fully developed and mature.

There are two general classifications of squash, distinguished by the length of time they can be stored, called summer and winter.

Winter squash varieties have a hard, protective skin that allows them to keep for several months.

Squash are very root sensitive; care should be taken if they are transplanted.

Old time garden wisdom says to plant squash when lilacs are in full bloom.

Grow winter squash throughout the season and harvest when plant materials die back in the fall.

When harvested, the outer skin of a winter squash should be hard.

After harvest, store winter squash in a cool dry place.

It is easiest to remove squash flesh from skin after baking.

Eat winter squash boiled, baked, steamed, or pureed into creamy soups.

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Common name: Squash
Botanical name: Curcurbita spp
Plant family: Cucurbitaceae
Life cycle: Annual
Seed life expectancy (years): 4 to 6
Seed saving level: Intermediate
Pollination method: Hand
Seed count per ounce: 200 - 450
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

6 4 3

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips summer squash:

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? one year to seed, squash cross easily (so larger isolation distance and hand pollination required)

When harvesting seed from a squash, leave it on the vine until over-ripe so that seeds are fully developed and mature.

There are two general classifications of squash, distinguished by the length of time they can be stored, called summer and winter.

Summer squash varieties have a soft outer skin, so do not keep for long periods.

The most common summer squash types include zucchini (green, yellow, round) scallop (pattypan), cousa, chayote, luffa, yellow (crook or straight neck), tromboncino and zephyr.

Squash are very root sensitive; care should be taken if they are transplanted.

Old time garden wisdom says to plant squash when lilacs are in full bloom.

Pick frequently when fruits are small and skins are tender enough to poke a fingernail through.

Pick elongated (standard) zucchini by the time they reach 6 to 7 inches in length, and round zucchini at around 3 to 4 inches.

Pick patty pans at around 2 to 3 inches.

The skin of a summer squash can be eaten along with the inside flesh.

Discard any squash with a bad smell or that's showing signs of mold, shriveling, wrinkling, soft spots, or a mushy interior.

To save seed, harvest seed when skin of the squash is hard and the squash is too ripe to eat.

To save seed, rinse off seeds under water to remove membrane.

When saving seed, keep in mind the species of plant being grown, and grow only one variety per species.

Eat summer squash raw, boiled, baked, roasted, or in soups.

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Common name: Radish
Botanical name: Raphanus sativus
Plant family: Brassicaceae
Life cycle: Annual
Seed life expectancy (years): 6
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

29 11 6 4 4 4 3

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips radish:

Radish does well when grown in grow bags; we recommend the 2-gallon size.

Sow radish seed directly in garden every ten days for continual harvest.

Spring radishes should be checked frequently because they mature very quickly.

Pull radish roots when tops are showing to be 1 to 2 inches in diameter.

Radishes will get woody if left too long in the ground.

Eat radishes raw, stir-fried, or pickled in vinegar.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
	29	11	6	4	4	4	3

Common name: Cucumber
Botanical name: Cucumis sativus
Plant family: Cucurbitaceae
Life cycle: Annual
Seed life expectancy (years): 5
Seed saving level: Easy
Pollination method: Insect, wind
Seed count per ounce: 850 - 1300
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

13 6 4 3 5

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips cucumber:

Cucumbers can be grown in grow bags; we recommend the 5-gallon size, and the self-watering feature.

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? one year to seed, insect pollinated (so isocation required), wet seeds from over-ripe fruit

Mound soil into hills and plant three cucumber seeds per hill.

Try growing cucumbers vertically on a trellis to increase air circulation and sunlight.

Old time garden wisdom says to plant cucumbers when lilacs are in full bloom.

Cucumbers are tastiest when harvested young, before seeds have fully developed.

Harvest lemon cucumbers when they are light green, with just a blush of lemon color.

Pickling varieties of cucumber tend to be short in length, a design feature which allows them to fit better in jars.

To save seed, harvest seed when cucumber is fully ripe and yellow (too ripe to eat).

Eat cucumbers raw or pickled.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
			13	6	4	3	5

Common name: Corn
Botanical name: Zea mays
Plant family: Poaceae
Life cycle: Annual
Seed life expectancy (years): 3
Seed saving level: Very Hard
Pollination method: Wind
Seed count per ounce: 230 - 290
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

22 12 7 4 4 3

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips corn:

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? wind pollination, planting area required (width and depth), easily crosses

Corn does not like being transplanted, it prefers being sown directly in the ground.

Old time garden wisdom says to plant corn when oak leaves are the size of a squirrel's ear (about 1/2 inch in diameter).

Old time garden wisdom says to plant corn when apple blossoms fade and fall.

For sweetcorn

For good pollination, plant in blocks at least 4 feet by 4 feet.

Ears are ready to harvest about 20 days after the silks appear (or when they turn brown).

Peel back the husk and puncture a kernel with your fingernail. If the kernels are fat and juice is milky white, the ear is ready to be eaten.

Do not plant sweet corn next to popcorn; the quality of sweet corn will diminish if cross pollinated with popcorn.

Eat sweet corn raw, steamed, or boiled.

For popcorn

Allow kernels to dry in the field as long as possible before winter rains.

Harvest kernels when hard and the husks are dry. Remove the husks, place the ears in mesh bags, and hang them in a warm dry location.

Once a week, shell a few kernels and try popping them; when test kernels are popping well, store the ears in a cool dark dry place, or remove kernels and store in airtight containers.

Eat pop corn (wait for it) POPPED.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
		22	12	7	4	4	3

Common name: Carrot
Botanical name: Daucus carota
Plant family: Apiaceae
Life cycle: Biennial
Seed life expectancy (years): 6
Seed saving level: Intermediate
Pollination method: Insect
Seed count per ounce: 11500 - 34500
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

50 17 10 7 6 6 9

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips carrots:

Carrots do well when grown in grow bags; we recommend the 3-gallon size.

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? two years to seed, insect pollinated (so isolation to prevent crossing), umbels contain dry seeds

As a cool season crop, carrots grow best in early spring and late fall.

Carrots should never be transplanted. Always plant carrots directly in the ground.

Old time garden wisdom says to plant carrots when lilacs are in first leaf or dandelions are in full bloom.

Carrots appreciate soil which is sandy and drains well. Clear soil of large rocks and other obstacles.

Fertilize soil with one cup of NPK 10-20-10 for every 10 feet of carrots being planted.

When plants are about 4 inches, thin plants out so that each is separated from the next by about 2 inches.

Weeds will take nutrients away from young carrots, so keep the growing area free of weeds.

Harvest carrots at almost any time in the growth cycle by gently pulling the root straight up.

Carrots will keep in the ground after the first frost, right up until the ground freezes in winter.

If needed, loosen carrots with digging fork before pulling.

Eat carrots raw, boiled, steamed, baked, pureed, or pickled in vinegar.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
	50	17	10	7	6	6	9

Common name: Beet
Botanical name: Beta vulgaris
Plant family: Amaranthaceae
Life cycle: Biennial
Seed life expectancy (years): 5
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

14 9 6 5 6

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips beet:

Beets do well when grown in grow bags; we recommend the 3-gallon size.

As a cool season crop, beets grow best in early spring and late fall.

Sow beet seed directly in garden every 10 days for continual harvest.

Old time garden wisdom says to plant beets when lilacs are in first leaf or dandelions are in full bloom.

Thin plants when they are young.

Beets require very little room in the garden.

Beets tend to do well in sandy soil. Clay soil will cause roots to be tough.

Beets can be planted in partial shade.

Allow for beet roots to reach 3 to 6 inches in depth. Avoid planting in areas where tree roots might not allow proper depths to be reached.

When beets are 1 inch to 2.5 inches in diameter, pull the roots.

Beets will get woody when overly mature.

Beets can be kept in the ground during frosts.

Beet greens may be cooked like spinach.

Eat beets raw, pureed, baked, steamed, boiled, or pickled in vinegar.

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32^o	41^o	50^o	59^o	68^o	77^o	86^o	95^o	104^o
		14	9	6	5	6

Common name: Beans
Botanical name: Phaseolus vulgaris
Plant family: Fabaceae
Life cycle: Perennial
Seed life expectancy (years): 4
Seed saving level: Very Easy
Pollination method: Self
Seed count per ounce: 30 - 300
Days to germinate at soil temp:

32^o 41^o 50^o 59^o 68^o 77^o 86^o 95^o 104^o

16 11 8 6 6

Soil temps given in ^oF, with ideal temp highlighted.

Tips beans:

Beans can be grown in grow bags; we recommend the 5-gallon size.

Main reason(s) for seed saving level designation? one year to seed, self pollinator (so small isocation distance / no crossing), very easy access dry seeds

There are two categories of common beans that are distinguished based on their growing structure:

Bush beans grow low to the ground and take up more horizontal real estate.

Pole beans grow on vines that are normally trellised up, and often produce for longer periods of time than bush varieties.

Old time garden wisdom says to plant beans when lilacs are in full bloom.

Sow every 2 weeks to develop a constant supply of beans.

Plants may stop producing beans during periods of extreme heat, but will begin producing again when temperatures normalize.

Pick beans before you can see bean swelling in the pod.

Pick beans frequently (every 3 to 5 days) to promote continual production.

Beans do not like being transplanted, they prefer being sown directly in the ground.

To save seed, let pods age on the vine until they turn brown.

To save seed, keep in mind that pole beans are more likely to cross.

Eat beans raw, steamed, boiled, or pickled in vinegar.

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